HLTH 485 Quiz 2 General Health

HLTH 485 Quiz 2: General Health to Causality

1. The __________ is defined as the effect on patient outcomes that may occur due to the expectation by a patient that a particular intervention will have an effect.
2. The experimental study is effective when the outcome of interest is rare.
3. Use the table below to calculate the crude death rate
4. Match the following: method of difference, Method of concomitant variation, Method of agreement
5. Selection of a high-risk population of developing the outcomes of interest is a primary strategy to ensure the accumulation of an adequate number of cases that will develop the end point(s).
6. Which of the following is the most time consuming and costly study design?
7. Refer to the following table showing postmenopausal hormone use and coronary heart disease with selected exposure categories.
8. Using the table below, what is the rate ratio of all malignant cancers to accidents?
9. What effect does randomization in a large intervention study have?
10. Experimental studies involving randomization are always preferred over nonrandomized studies.
11. Use the table below to calculate fetal mortality rate
12. Two cohort studies were conducted. The fist involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of lung cancer. For cigarette smokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Ie = 200 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Io = 25 per 100,000. The lung cancer incidence rate in the entire population was It = 100 per 100,000. The second study involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary heart disease. For cigarette smokers, the coronary heart disease incidence rate was Ie = 500 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, it was Io = 250 per 100,000. In the overall population, the coronary heart disease rate was It = 300. What is the relative risk (or risk ratio) of developing lung cancer in the first study?
13. Refer to the following table showing postmenopausal hormone use and coronary heart disease with selected exposure categories. What is the risk of coronary heart disease among “ever” users of
    postmenopausal hormones?

14. Use the table below to calculate the neonatal mortality rate
15. Which of the following designs is potentially most useful for making a judgment about causality?
16. Using the table below, assuming a life expectancy of 65 years, what is the YPPL in the age group 0-4 for accidents?
17. Refer to the following table showing postmenopausal hormone use and coronary heart disease with selected exposure categories. What is the strength of the association between current use versus never use?
18. Surrogate endpoints become particularly useful in randomized controlled trials when the outcome phenomenon of interest is common.
19. Two cohort studies were conducted. The first involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of lung cancer. For cigarette smokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Ie =200 per 100,000.For nonsmokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Io =25 per 100,000.The lung cancer incidence rate in the entire population was It =100 per 100,000. The second study involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary heart disease. For cigarette smokers, the coronary heart disease incidence rate was Ie =500 per 100,000.For nonsmokers, it was Io =250 per 100,000. In the overall population, the coronary heart disease rate was It =300. Is cigarette smoking a stronger risk factor for lung cancer or coronary heart disease?
20. An unplanned type of experimental study where the levels of exposure to a presumed cause differ among a population in a way that is relatively unaffected by extraneous factors, such that the situation resembles a planned experiment, is called:
21. Using the table below what is the crude mortality rate (per 100,000) for all causes?
22. Which of the following is NOT a type of selection bias in cohort studies?
23. Use the table below to calculate the age-specific mortality rate for persons aged 55 years and older
24. For each of the following statement, indicate whether the statistical association is likely due to————— “A cohort study found no statistical association between smoking and coronary heart disease (RR = 1, p-value = 0.75).”
25. For each of the following statement, indicate whether the statistical association is likely due to ———–. “A case-control study found a positive association between self-reported alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome.”